Thursday, July 05, 2007

¿Qué es la Entropía?

La energía sólo puede ser convertida en trabajo cuando, dentro del sistema concreto que se esté utilizando, la concentración de energía no es uniforme. La energía tiende entonces a fluir desde el punto de mayor concentración al de menor concentración, hasta establecer la uniformidad o equilibrio. El término "entropía" lo introdujo el físico alemán Rudolf J. E. Clausius en 1850 para representar el grado de uniformidad con que está distribuida la energía, sea de la clase que sea. Cuanto más uniforme, mayor la entropía. Cuando la energía está distribuida de manera perfectamente uniforme, la entropía es máxima para el sistema en cuestíón.
Clausius observó que cualquier diferencia de energía dentro de un sistema tiende siempre a igualarse por sí sola. Si se coloca un objeto caliente en contacto con otro frío, el calor fluye de manera que el primero se enfría y el segundo se calienta, hasta que ambos quedan a la misma temperatura. Si tenemos dos depósitos de agua comunicados entre sí, y el nivel de uno de ellos es más alto que el otro, la atracció gravitatoria hará que el primero baje y el segundo suba, hasta que ambos niveles se igualan y la energía gravitatoria queda distribuida uniformemente. Clausius afirmó por tanto que en la naturaleza era regla general que las diferencias entre las concentraciones de energía tendían a igualarse. O digámoslo así: " la entropía aumenta con el tiempo".
El estudio de flujos de energía desde puntos de alta concentración a otros de baja concentración se llevó a cabo de modo especialmente complejo en relación con la energía térmica. Por eso, el estudio de flujo de energía y de los intercambios de energía y trabajo, recibió el nombre de "termodinámica", que en griego significa "movimiento de calor". Con anterioridad se había llegado ya a la energía no podía ser destruida ni creada. Esta regla es fundamental y se le denomina "primer principio de la termodinámica". la idea sugerida por Clausius que la entropía aumenta con el tiempo es una regla general no menos básica, y se denomina "segundo principio de la termodinámica".

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